Are Treaties a Better Source of International Law?

Are Treaties a Better Source of International Law? Worldwide arrangement commitments are established upon the adage pacta sunt servanda (â€Å"pacts must be respected†). This is explicitly perceived in the Preamble to the Vienna Convention[1] which â€Å"notes† that the standards of free assent and great confidence and the pacta sunt servanda rule are â€Å"universally recognisedâ€Å". In any case, it may be contended that such a Convention is more an acknowledgment of the norm than an imaginative improvement in universal law. Article 2(1)(a) of the Convention characterizes an arrangement as â€Å"an global understanding finished up between States in composed structure and represented by universal law, regardless of whether exemplified in a solitary instrument or in at least two related instruments and whatever its specific assignment [emphasis supplied].† This promptly causes to notice the way that the term â€Å"treaty† is more nonexclusive than explicit and covers a scope of worldwide understandings which may similarly be alluded to by such terms as conventions, contracts or shows. The effect of bargains upon household enactment shifts as indicated by locale. The complexity is regularly drawn between the situation in the US and the UK. In the previous, the bargain making power is vested under the Constitution in the President yet he requires the â€Å"advice and consent† of 66% of the individuals from the Senate present and casting a ballot. In the United Kingdom it is contended that the creation of settlements is an activity of right force. This is disputable: it may be recommended that right force must be practiced by the Crown. Be that as it may, the favored methodology may be that of Dicey who recommends that a privilege demonstration is any demonstration of government that isn't approved by rule. In any case, it ought to be noticed that there is a level of Parliamentary control. To start with, there exists the purported â€Å"Ponsonby Rule† which applies to arrangements which have been arranged and marked however have not happened in light of the fact that they have not as far as universal law been confirmed by the gatherings. Under this standard, the administration must advise Parliament of the arrangement and must not sanction it spare in instances of earnestness until 21 parliamentary days have slipped by. Second, Parliament may confine the intensity of the official to go into arrangements by explicitly giving that they require parliamentary assent. At long last, the creation of an arrangement doesn't consequently guarantee its application in household law. It was held in A-G for Canada v A-G for Ontario[2] that â€Å"the creation of a bargain s an official demonstration, while the exhibition of its commitments, on the off chance that they involve adjustment of the current residential law, requires authoritative action.† Further, it was held in Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd v Department of Trade[3] that â€Å"except to the degree that a settlement gets joined into the laws of the United Kingdom by rule, the court s†¦have no capacity to uphold arrangement rights and commitments at the command of a sovereign government or at the command of a private individual†. This examination uncovers bargains as having a fairly unsure establishment with regards to their usage in the states in question. This situation was shown in the disputable occasion of the Maastricht Treaty on European Union and prompted a test to the settlement making influence of the official in R v Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs ex p Rees Mogg[4]. The arrangement was to happened upon endorsement by the Member States. In the UK there was considerable restriction to the arrangement on all sides of the House and the issue brought up in the suit was whether the legislature had the ability to sanction the bargain without such endorsement. The British government took the purportedly â€Å"safe† course of not alluding the settlement under the Ponsonby Rules contending rather that its sanction was an activity of right force. The Queen’s Bench Division held that this choice was not powerless to legal survey. By differentiate it may be contended that standard law is an unquestionably increasingly indistinct idea. In worldwide law, standard law alludes to the lawful standards that have created through the ordinary trades which have happened between states after some time. Such standards gain their acknowledgment from understanding upon certain widespread qualities. Two handily refered to models may be slaughter or subjugation which are commonly held to be unsuitable conduct by acculturated countries. Be that as it may, Alder[5] is distrustful: â€Å"The impact of standard qualities isn't really kindhearted and custom may turn out to be dead wood yet at the same time restrain legitimate change.† He refers to for instance the way that albeit an expansion of the establishment occurred during the late nineteenth century, the development of female testimonial was hindered by the way that the courts would not decipher the administrative utilization of the word â€Å"person† as including ladies. It is in this manner presented that the endeavor to decide if bargains are a superior wellspring of worldwide law than custom is misinformed. As may be seen from the above contention, bargains while having a high-sounding title are frequently minimal in excess of an endeavor to formalize standard commitments that as of now exist between states. The division is additionally obscured in the event that one delays to consider the way where bargains are deciphered. Article 31 of the Vienna Convention is surrounded in uncommonly wide terms: â€Å"1. An arrangement will be deciphered in compliance with common decency as per the normal importance to be given to the particulars of the settlement in their unique situation and in the light of its article and purpose.† Article 32 which manages â€Å"supplementary methods for interpretation† expands the extent of translation even more: â€Å"Recourse might be needed to beneficial methods for translation, including the preliminary work of the settlement and the conditions of its decision, so as to affirm the importance coming about because of the utilization of Article 31, or to decide the significance when the understanding as per Article 31: (a) leaves the importance uncertain or dark; or (b) prompts an outcome which is plainly preposterous or unreasonable.† This hazy spots the qualification among settlements custom despite everything further since it prompts a circumstance wherein a bargain can be deciphered so broadly as to permit practically any importance to be put upon it subsequently further subverting its status as a conclusive archive. At long last, a further regard wherein the status of bargains as a legitimate wellspring of global law is sabotaged comes from the way in which arrangement commitments can be finished. Commitments in universal law are viewed as emerging from the assent of the contracting parties instead of from remotely settled standards that can be held to be for all time official. Part IV of the Convention controls the â€Å"Amendment and Modification of Treaties† and clarifies that agreement is required for a settlement to stay in power. In any case, Article 43 is, it is submitted, profoundly critical: â€Å"The deficiency, end or revilement of a bargain, the withdrawal of a gathering from it, or the suspension of its activity, because of the use of the current Convention or of the arrangements of the settlement, will not at all weaken the obligation of any State to satisfy any commitment encapsulated in the arrangement to which it would be subject under worldwide law autonomously of the settlement [emphasis supplied].† It might be contended that this arrangement lethally sabotages the status of settlements: as a result, while bargains may rise and fall adequately at the desire of the taking an interest states, worldwide lawful commitments remain. It might be addressed, in this way, regardless of whether bargains ought to appreciate any genuine legitimate status or whether they should all the more precisely be viewed as a types of tact and minimal in excess of a transitory articulation of goal inside the predominant international strategy of the gatherings. Taking everything into account, hence, it might be recommended that while settlements include become a typical inside global law, they ought not be agreed the status with which household enactment, for instance, is respected. On the off chance that this reason is acknowledged, the job of custom in worldwide law turns out to be progressively conspicuous. As has been seen, it is custom that genuinely advises global law. Undoubtedly, it is conceivable to contend that alleged â€Å"international law† is close to the acknowledgment of set up standards among sovereign and autonomous states. Universal law can't be viewed as coming from any conspicuous global lawmaking body and is enforceable just because of the passive consent of the states in question. In the last examination, it may be smarter to get rid of the idea of â€Å"international legislation† and concentrate rather upon the concurred rules of conduct between states. In such manner, custom becomes undeniably progress ively powerful in deciding worldwide commitments and bargains for all their composed convention and assumed authority ought to be viewed as meager in excess of a set up account of standard guidelines. Book reference Birch, J., General Principles of Constitutional and Administrative Law, (fourth Ed., 2002) Allen, M. Thompson, B., Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law, (seventh Ed., 2003) Barnett, H., Constitutional and Administrative Law, (fifth Ed., 2004) Bradley, A. Ewing, K., Constitutional and Administrative Law, (thirteenth Ed., 2003) Global and Comparative Law Quarterly Merrills, J., International Dispute Settlement, (fourth Ed., 2005) Joined Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (1969) Westlaw Commentaries [1] United Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (1969) [2] [1937] AC 326 at 347 [3] [1990] 2 AC 418 at 477 [4] [1994] QB 552 [5] Alder, J., General Principles of Constitutional and A

The Gettier Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Gettier Problem - Essay Example Gettier’s contention says that it is conceivable that an individual has confidence in something that is advocated just as off-base simultaneously. One defect is that Gettier’s contention can lead us to pessimism since it is obvious from our regular daily existences that it is not really the situation when something is supported by good proof that satisfies every single philosophical standard of pertinent proof. Gettier composed his 1963 paper disproving the ‘Justified genuine Belief’ JTB. On the off chance that Gettier’s paper is viewed as evident than JTB invalidates yet the accompanying model uncovered splits in Gettier’s paper. S realizes that P if and just if; ïÆ'Ëœ S trusts P ïÆ'Ëœ P is valid ïÆ'Ëœ S is supported in trusting P ïÆ'Ëœ And P makes S have faith in P This model rejects the case of Gettier. Also, doesn’t have faith in something as a given actuality, for example if there is a gathering of individuals and one individual out of the gathering happens to be Brazilian, the above model can't give me the situation to express that I realize that somebody out of this gathering is a Brazilian since this reality won't be my motivation for knowing. In his paper, is advocated genuine conviction information on 1963, Edmund Gettier raised an issue which he contended and saw in the conventional information hypothesis. Numerous endeavors by various epistemologists have fizzled, for instance, Thomas Paxson and Keith Lehrer put over a hypothesis, which used the defeasibility contention to endeavor taking care of the Gettier issue (Lehrer and Paxon 225-237). As I would see it, Gettier’s issues can't be beaten of vanquished based on standards in light of the fact that so as to comprehend these issues one needs to think about the reason of these issues as obvious, as it will clarified later in this paper Gettier just plays with the support and reality. Furthermore, it is clear that there is a scarcely discernible difference between the legitimization and reality. Additionally, there is consistently a specific degree of truth to be acknowledged by a reasonable individual. For example, in the event that we as a whole consent to the way that a billiard ball is round, the inquiry is, is it truly round fit as a fiddle? Understudies of material science may realize that when things are seen at sub-atomic levels, the shapes and limits of articles are totally different from what they were recently thought of. So a billiard ball probably won't be actually round at an exceptionally fine minuscule or nuclear level. Essentially in the event that we Gettier’s issues are viewed as a law or considered adequate enough to characterize information then the state of the earth can be made sense of by a bowling ball. For example it is a typical perception that a bowling ball is viewed as substantial and it is good judgment that earth is holding all timberlands, water, land and mountains, and is likewise an overwhelming item. Presently the bowling ball is round fit as a fiddle, subsequently we can reason that the earth is additionally round fit as a fiddle. I accept that it fulfills Gettier’s issue however this is taint an awful rationale, there is no significance between the two articles. On the off chance that lone such premises are thought of, at that point earth would be molded like a clothes washer in light of the fact that a clothes washer is overwhelming as well. One of the numerous targets of epistemologists is to thought of a hypothesis of information that indicates the essential conditions for information. Ge nerally, researchers have just consented to three of these conditions, and they incorporate p is valid, s puts stock in p, and s has a legitimization to have confidence in p. as indicated by the hypotheses, on the off chance that the speculations fulfilled the conditions, at that point one could state that s knows p. be that as it may, at that point Gettier joined his contentions. In his contentions, he proposed to counterarguments to the customary conditions, where the hypothesis

Blog Archive Hands-On Finance Opportunities at Michigan Ross and UCLA Anderson

Blog Archive Hands-On Finance Opportunities at Michigan Ross and UCLA Anderson You may not realize that students at the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan do not have to travel all that far to get hands-on Wall Street experience. Through the John R. and Georgene M. Tozzi Electronic Business and Finance Center (known as simply the Tozzi Center), students can find themselves “on” Wall Street without ever having to leave Ann Arbor. Housed in a 5,800-square-foot facility on campus, the Tozzi Center boasts a state-of-the-art mock trading floor as well as a flexible and wireless electronic classroom and an e-lab seminar room. The latest financial toolsâ€"including live news wires, trading systems, and data and research servicesâ€"can be found at the center. The space has been designed to look and feel like the real thing, so do not be surprised if you hear “Sell, Sell, Sell!” when you walk by students in action. Many acknowledge UCLA Anderson’s unique connections to the media and entertainment industry. However, far fewer MBA aspirants are aware of the tremendous opportunities Anderson provides to students interested in investment management. Established in 1987, the Student Investment Fund (SIF) at Anderson is a fellowship that provides a limited number of students with a hands-on opportunity to apply what they have learned thus far about investment theory. Students must apply for the opportunity to manage the portfolio, as one of the ten SIF Fellows, by participating in the four-round application process that includes panel interviews and essays. SIF Fellows engage in investment strategy, asset allocation, and security analysis for more than 18 months and explore both value and growth approaches to investment as well as fixed income investments. Fellows get together weekly during the academic year, meet once a month with the Faculty Oversight Committee, and visit at least 30 investment p rofessionals throughout the fellowship to learn about different investment philosophies. Those interested in a career in investment management should give UCLA Anderson a closer look. For more information on Michigan Ross, UCLA Anderson, or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out the free  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet University of California Los Angeles (Anderson) University of Michigan (Ross) Blog Archive Hands-On Finance Opportunities at Michigan Ross and UCLA Anderson You may not realize that students at the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan do not have to travel all that far to get hands-on Wall Street experience. Through the John R. and Georgene M. Tozzi Electronic Business and Finance Center (known as simply the Tozzi Center), students can find themselves “on” Wall Street without ever having to leave Ann Arbor. Housed in a 5,800-square-foot facility on campus, the Tozzi Center boasts a state-of-the-art mock trading floor as well as a flexible and wireless electronic classroom and an e-lab seminar room. The latest financial toolsâ€"including live news wires, trading systems, and data and research servicesâ€"can be found at the center. The space has been designed to look and feel like the real thing, so do not be surprised if you hear “Sell, Sell, Sell!” when you walk by students in action. Many acknowledge UCLA Anderson’s unique connections to the media and entertainment industry. However, far fewer MBA aspirants are aware of the tremendous opportunities Anderson provides to students interested in investment management. Established in 1987, the Student Investment Fund (SIF) at Anderson is a fellowship that provides a limited number of students with a hands-on opportunity to apply what they have learned thus far about investment theory. Students must apply for the opportunity to manage the portfolio, as one of the ten SIF Fellows, by participating in the four-round application process that includes panel interviews and essays. SIF Fellows engage in investment strategy, asset allocation, and security analysis for more than 18 months and explore both value and growth approaches to investment as well as fixed income investments. Fellows get together weekly during the academic year, meet once a month with the Faculty Oversight Committee, and visit at least 30 investment p rofessionals throughout the fellowship to learn about different investment philosophies. Those interested in a career in investment management should give UCLA Anderson a closer look. For more information on Michigan Ross, UCLA Anderson, or 14 other leading MBA programs, check out the free  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet University of California Los Angeles (Anderson) University of Michigan (Ross) Blog Archive Hands-On Finance Opportunities at Michigan Ross and UCLA Anderson You may not realize that students at the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan do not have to travel all that far to get hands-on Wall Street experience. Through the John R. and Georgene M. Tozzi Electronic Business and Finance Center (known as simply the Tozzi Center), students can find themselves “on” Wall Street without ever having to leave Ann Arbor. Housed in a 5,800-square-foot facility on campus, the Tozzi Center boasts a state-of-the-art mock trading floor as well as a flexible and wireless electronic classroom and an e-lab seminar room. The latest financial toolsâ€"including live news wires, trading systems, and data and research servicesâ€"can be found at the center. The space has been designed to look and feel like the real thing, so do not be surprised if you hear “Sell, Sell, Sell!” when you walk by students in action. Many acknowledge UCLA Anderson’s unique connections to the media and entertainment industry. However, far fewer MBA aspirants are aware of the tremendous opportunities Anderson provides to students interested in investment management. Established in 1987, the Anderson Student Asset Management (ASAM) program (formerly the Student Investment Fund) is a fellowship that provides up to 20 students with a hands-on opportunity to apply what they have learned thus far about investment theory. Students must apply for the opportunity to manage the portfolio, currently worth approximately $1M, for five academic quarters. ASAM Fellows engage in investment strategy, asset allocation, and security analysis, and they explore both value and growth approaches to investment as well as fixed income investments. Fellows get together weekly during the academic year and visit investment professionals throughout the fellowship to learn about different investment philosophies. Those interested in a career in investment management should give UCLA Anderson a closer look. For more information on Michigan Ross, UCLA Anderson, or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out our free  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet University of California Los Angeles (Anderson) University of Michigan (Ross) Blog Archive Hands-On Finance Opportunities at Michigan Ross and UCLA Anderson You may not realize that students at the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan do not have to travel all that far to get hands-on Wall Street experience. Through the John R. and Georgene M. Tozzi Electronic Business and Finance Center (known as simply the Tozzi Center), students can find themselves “on” Wall Street without ever having to leave Ann Arbor. Housed in a 5,800-square-foot facility on campus, the Tozzi Center boasts a state-of-the-art mock trading floor as well as a flexible and wireless electronic classroom and an e-lab seminar room. The latest financial toolsâ€"including live news wires, trading systems, and data and research servicesâ€"can be found at the center. The space has been designed to look and feel like the real thing, so do not be surprised if you hear “Sell, Sell, Sell!” when you walk by students in action. Many acknowledge UCLA Anderson’s unique connections to the media and entertainment industry. However, far fewer MBA aspirants are aware of the tremendous opportunities Anderson provides to students interested in investment management. Established in 1987, the Anderson Student Asset Management (ASAM) program (formerly the Student Investment Fund) is a fellowship that provides up to 20 students with a hands-on opportunity to apply what they have learned thus far about investment theory. Students must apply for the opportunity to manage the portfolio, currently worth approximately $1M, for five academic quarters. ASAM Fellows engage in investment strategy, asset allocation, and security analysis, and they explore both value and growth approaches to investment as well as fixed income investments. Fellows get together weekly during the academic year and visit investment professionals throughout the fellowship to learn about different investment philosophies. Those interested in a career in investment management should give UCLA Anderson a closer look. For more information on Michigan Ross, UCLA Anderson, or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out the free  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet University of California Los Angeles (Anderson) University of Michigan (Ross)

Accounting Rough Waters - 2652 Words

This case gives students an opportunity to determine the accounting for impairment of long-lived assets in accordance with ASC 360-10. Applicable Professional Pronouncements ASC 360-10, Property, Plant, and Equipment: Overall (ASC 360-10) ASC 360-10 provides guidance on accounting for property, plant, and equipment, and the related accumulated depreciation on those assets. This Subtopic also includes guidance on the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets. ASC 360-10 notes that long-lived tangible assets include land and land improvements, buildings, machinery and equipment, and furniture and fixtures. ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (ASC 820) ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,†¦show more content†¦Further, although the case facts include an estimated annual discount rate of 7 percent, the discount rate should not be used in Smooth Sailings’ impairment analysis since undiscounted cash flows should be used in the recoverability test. Consideration 3 — Impact of Potential Foreclosure and Extinguishment of Debt to the Undiscounted Cash Flow Model What impact should the potential foreclosure and extinguishment of debt have on the cash flows used to perform the recoverability test? Discussion 2 — Impairment Loss Calculation What impairment loss, if any, should be recorded as of December 31, 2010? Solution 2 — Impairment Loss Calculation | | Estimated Future Cash Flows — Undiscounted | Option | Probability of Occurring | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | Total | A | Continue operating the cruise ship in the current area. | 10% | $1.0M | $0.9M | $0.7M | $0.7M | $0.7M | $4.0M | B | Operate the cruise ship in a new area where there are no pirates. | 20% | $0.6M | $0.8M | $1.1M | $1.6M | $1.9M | $6.0M | C | For 2011, operate the cruise ship in the current area despite the increased presence of pirates. On DecemberShow MoreRelatedCase 12-09 Rough Waters Ahead1041 Words   |  5 PagesCase 12-9 Rough Waters Ahead - IFRS 1. 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A Short Timeline and History of the Illuminati

History of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Essay

History of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), specific group of diseases or conditions that result from suppression of the immune system, related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A person infected with HIV gradually loses immune function along with certain immune cells called CD4 T-lymphocytes or CD4 T-cells, causing the infected person to become vulnerable to pneumonia, fungus infections, and other common ailments. With the loss of immune function, a clinical syndrome (a group of various illnesses that together characterize a disease) develops over time and eventually results in death due to opportunistic infections (infections by organisms that do not normally cause†¦show more content†¦About 430,000 of these deaths occurred in the United States. II CLINICAL PROGRESSION OF AIDS The progression from the point of HIV infection to the clinical diseases that define AIDS may take six to ten years or more. This progression can be monitored using surrogate markers (laboratory data that correspond to the various stages of disease progression) or clinical endpoints (illnesses associated with more advanced disease). Surrogate markers for the various stages of HIV infection include the declining number of CD4 T-cells, the major type of white blood cell lost because of HIV infection. In general, the lower the infected person’s CD4 T-cell count, the weaker the person’s immune system and the more advanced the disease state. In 1996 it became evident that the actual amount of HIV in a person’s blood—the so-called viral burden—could be used to predict the progression to AIDS, regardless of a person’s CD4 T-cell count. With advancing technology, viral burden determinations are quickly becoming a standard means of patient testing. 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An examination of primary and secondary s ources will reveal the significance of the key event in American history. â€Å"In 1980 the year before AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, appeared, the Center for Disease Control or CDC scientist defined Toxic Shock Syndrome and discovered that it was often due to a certain type of tampon.† (Check 21) So when they were called about strange spots on peoples skin it was nothing new. Many peopleRead MoreEarly Greek Education2610 Words   |  11 PagesDefinition HIV infection is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The condition gradually destroys the immune system, which makes it harder for the body to fight infections. Most people infected with HIV eventually develop AIDS. These individuals mostly die from opportunistic infections or malignancies associated with the progressive failure of the immune system. HIV progresses to AIDS at a variable rate affected by viral, host, and environmental factors; HIV-specific treatmentRead MoreAids And Its Effects On Children1978 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract AIDS is caused by the HIV infection. HIV attacks the immune system, which causes it to waken, when this happens the HIV infection is considered AIDS. It causes the body to be more acceptable to diseases, infections, and cancer. There is not known cure for AIDS, but most patients survive because of treatment and new medications. This disease is deadly without treatment. To avoid the spread of AIDS, drug users should avoid reusing, or sharing needles. AIDS can be spread through the use ofRead MoreHIV/AIDS Research Paper1253 Words   |  6 PagesHIV/AIDS Throughout history, few illnesses have carried as much significance as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or AIDS. Similar human catastrophes have presented in our history such as, bubonic plague, leprosy and tuberculosis. All of these dreaded sicknesses have caused pain and suffering across cultures. Pain is associated with the physical distress of the patient, suffering is culturally distinctive, it describes the affliction of the human spirit and how community members cope with it.Read MoreThe Origins Of Hiv ( Immunodeficiency Syndrome )1031 Words   |  5 Pages The origins of HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) and the disease it causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The virus might have sprung up as early as the 1940’s, yet it was not recognized as a new pathogen until the early 1980s. Physicians who study patterns of illness began to take not when immune-deficiency conditions such as oral candida thrush, herpes, Pneumocystis Jiroveci pneumonia, and Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare type of cancer, began to show up in the United States, primarily among

Race for Life Cancer Research Blackpool

Introduction Race for life is known to be a series of events that are conducted to raise funds for women only. Organization of this event is done is done by the Cancer Research UK which is a British charity. These events conduct several activities such as walking, jogging and running. These races that are conducted are done in the course of 5 kilometres and focus on the aim of raising funds and sponsorships. The funds raised by this event are distributed amongst 200 categories of cancer disease. The event possesses a status of being gender segregated that has resulted in giving rise to certain complaints (Wynick 2014). It has also resulted in the development of alternate events for men that include events of short run for 5 kilometres for Moore. The Fund for Imperial Cancer Research had identified Jim Cowan who possessed the actual concept for the generation of Race for Life. The respective Fung then started being engaged with Mr. Cowan for organizing and enacting as director of the race that was conducted for the very first event of Race for Life. This event took place in Battersea Park in the year 1994. In this particular event, almost 750 candidates had participated and the fund raised was almost 48,000. In the next year, extension of the race was done to 6 different venues and consisted of 4500 participants. This race contributed in raising 210,000 (Williams 2014). As years passed, there was an improvement in the intensity of events with different venues raising large amount of funds. Due to this success and popularity, it has been identified as one of the biggest events for raising fund. Due to this particular reason and possessing a good cause to raise funds, this particular event now takes place in every year for raising funds for 200 categories of cancer. Survey A survey was conducted on the public and volunteers / participants to gain feedback from them regarding the different events and the overall campaign of Blackpool Cancer for Life event 2014. The participants for the survey were randomly selected to gain a valid and in-depth view on their experience at the event. In total seven questionnaires were distributed in which three were filled by visitors or public, two by volunteers whereas the remaining three by participants. However, the survey process followed a random approach regarding the selection of sample; it was ensured that the people belonging to different age groups were addressed and were interacted with for the filling up of questionnaire (Wade 2014). This was essential to gain a valid and realistic argument or perception regarding the overall customer experience. Results and Analysis Public The analysis of survey results demonstrates that two of the public participants were not local and both of them were female (The Gazette 2014a). However, one of them was not aware prior to the event that the Race for life event is going to held. The same can be perceived as the merit and demerit as well. Merit as it reflects the charm and reputation of concerned event that attracted the non-local people towards it. Demerit as it clearly demonstrates the ineffectiveness of advertising and promotional activities performed prior to the event. Considering their experience, two of them responded that they were somewhat satisfied with the overall event whereas one female responded that she was quite satisfied (Toum 2014). Moreover, regarding the success of cancer for life event in achieving the vision and mission of the cancer for life research, each of them responded in support of its. Thus, the event seems to be appreciable amongst public as neither of them commented any negative remark. The aspects which were highly appreciated by the public, in context of the participants responses, were structure of event, safety and security, and preparation of presenters. However, people felt that the length of event was somewhat long. The participants also responded that they had a quite a bit better or great deal better experience during the event. Moreover, since each of the participants responded that he or she will surely come to another cancer for event at Blackpool, the overall objective of making the people aware and raising funds for cancer patients seem to have achieved (The Gazette 2014b). The public seems to be highly satisfied with the experience they had, however, the associated executives must work on the advertising and promotional practices, as two of the participants responded that they were not aware of the event details and joined it after seeing the entertainment or learning the event detail from a friend. Further, the online practices seem to be highly effe ctive as one of the participant responded that he gained the information of event from online. The managers or executives also need to plan the event at a better time as each of the participants commented that the event was amazing but the windy and cold weather let it down. They also commented that the contribution of volunteers was really appreciable as they appreciated the support and cheer that they did with full enthusiasm (The Gazette 2014a). The spokes person was also appreciated and people perceived him as one of the key success factor for the whole event. Volunteers / Participants The analysis of volunteers responses demonstrates that the volunteers were also quite satisfied with the overall event. According to the volunteers, event structure, police security, first aiders, presence of ambulance, commitment of event, and team work were the key success factors of event. However, the volunteers complained that they were not made aware of their specific roles as volunteers and were not provided with all necessary information for their role prior to the event. This seems to be a big loophole in the event management and may have lead to negative outcomes (Pudelek 2014). Thus, the managers and executives must address this problem and provide effective training and counseling sessions to each of the volunteer prior to the event, while making them aware of the overall location. The volunteers also responded that the location and time could have been better, although it was good for the run and had a smooth course. The volunteers believed that the event lacked in visib ility, first aid timing, marking of volunteers and better communication tools or equipment (Snead 2014). However, they also felt that the atmosphere and the structure were above expectations, well structured and lively. The analysis of participants responses demonstrates that most of the participants were non-local as one of the participants was from Chorley and other was from Blackburn (Pudelek 2014). As one of the participants aged between 20 to 30 years and others mother was also participating, as commented by him, the event was successful in reaching people from almost all age groups. The participants considered the safety and security, presence of ambulance, first aid bikes, adequate information, commitment, team work, structure of event, and location were the key success factors of the event. All the responses from the participants were in support of the event and liked every aspect. They appreciated the crowd as they motivated and cheered them enthusiastically and were extremely satisfied with the overall event. However, they felt that the refreshments or water bottles could have been directly handed over to the participants rather than keeping it on the tables (Mid Devon Gazette 2014). Other participants commented that it would be better to make the timing of event clear, so that the participants can come early or warm up. Thus, the overall analysis of survey results clearly demonstrates that the event was highly successful in satisfying each of the public, volunteer, and participant. Each of them responded they would love to attend the event next time. However, there seems to be some loop holes that must be adequately addressed and resolved by the event managers or executives, so that there is no scope of faults or inadequate conduct. The crowd added to the attraction and charm of event, thus effective advertising and promotional activities must be conducted prior to the nest event (LEP 2014). The event can also be refined through changing the timing as many of the participants of survey complained about it. Observations The observation of the overall event was conducted consistently so as to gain the key success factors and loopholes in the management or operational practices. Considering the health and safety of people, there were no big issues regarding the same as there was first aid bikes and ambulance present closer to the track. The track was also smooth enough and there were tracks for the wheel chair users. The police security also highly contributed to the safety of people. However, the key problem identified was that in the communication in between volunteers and other staff (Hull Daily Mail 2014). The problem occurred due to the inadequate weather and strong winds. The radios must have been exchanged with modern equipment as when a runner fell badly, the first aider took 10 minutes to the spot but the runner had already left and was clearly delayed and slow. The design and structure of overall event was great and the chosen track was perfect. The stalls, stage and the services all were on the top of promenade, thus being at the centre of all crowd, the public was able to easily join in. the crowd added to the success of event as they were enthusiastic and cheered the participants really well. The event continued without any hassle due to adequate crowd control measures. However, the problem was a little far for the volunteers as they had to walk too much and since many of them were not local, they were not well aware of the place (Hines 2014). It was also found that the map provided to volunteers were complicated as the signs were not clearly marked for each standing point. Thus, the management of volunteers was bit disorganized although it did not have any major negative impact on the event as with time the people started getting familiar with place. The event also lacked in the utilization of IT as the only IT tools used were emails to keep everyone updated regarding the timing and location of event. The marketing materials utilized for the promotion and advertising of event were quite successful (Anderson 2014). The t-shirts with logo of cancer for life emerged as a massive brand as people were well aware of the fact that the event occurs every year. The utilization of website, advertisements on social media sites such as FB and Twitter also paid well. The practices of staff motivation were brilliant, as everyone seemed to be friendly. Although the weather was extremely windy and it was difficult to stand at locations because of the cold, the motivational words from organisers helped in preventing the occurrence of negative thoughts. The overall atmosphere was lively, great, fun and very vibrant. With Blackpool lights on and everything happening at the centre of Blackpool, no one missed what was happening. There were around 10,000 runners and it made the event much more successful (Adkins 2014). However, there should have been more access for the crowd as there was hardly any way to the track but they all were at the end. The crowd seemed to be confused regarding the timing and the volunteers were not told either. The crowd seemed to enjoy it and the cheering, music, stage and presenter was brilliant and made the event stand out even more than the last event. Conclusion The overall event of Blackpool Cancer for Life Event 2014 seemed to be highly appreciated by the crowd as most of the participants of survey responded that they will come back for the event. The key success factors for the event were its structure, safety, police security, first aid bikes, presence of ambulance, and smooth course. On the contrary, inadequate weather, inappropriate communication gadgets, ineffective awareness, and lack of strong advertising and promotional campaigns appeared to be the loopholes of event. However, these loopholes can be easily prevented in the next event. Overall, the event was highly successful in attracting the people from different age groups and thus added to the success of event. The managers and executives could have conducted effective advertising and promotional activities to attract more people.

Antiheroism In Hamlet Essays (758 words) - Characters In Hamlet

Antiheroism In Hamlet Antiheroism has always been an interesting aspect of a character that authors have chosen to illustrate. In literature, there has been countless antiheroic characters, from Randle McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and Allie Fox in The Mosquito Coast, to others as famous as Robin Hood and ... By literary definition, an antihero is the hero of the play or novel, but has negative attributes which separate him or her from the classic hero such as Superman. Such negative aspects may include a violent nature, use of coarse language, or self serving interests which may inadvertently depict the protagonist as a hero since the result of serving those interests may be the betterment of society or an environment. In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, the protagonist, Hamlet, is depicted as an antihero. One main factor which gives Hamlet such a label is that he draws sympathy, as well as admiration, from the reader since Hamlet feels the pain of losing his father along with the burden and obstacles in avenging his murder. Act four places a special emphasis on Hamlet's intelligence. In scene two, Hamlet is very insolent and rude towards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with such phrases as, That I can keep your counsel and not, mine own. Beside, to be demanded of a sponge, what replication should be made by the son of a king? (IV, ii, 12-14) The reference to the sponge reflects the fact that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are easily ordered by the king and do not have minds of their own. Hamlet does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern since they are servants of the Claudius, Hamlet's mortal enemy. The reader does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern either which causes the reader to side with Hamlet. Another incident of Hamlet's high intelligence is shown when he Hamlet tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, I am glad of it: a knavish sleeps in a foolish ear. (IV, ii, 24-25) This statement leaves Rosencrantz and Guildenstern more or less confused. Hamlet is clearly more clever than the two of them combined and is able to toy with them.Hamlet has an excellent command of the language and because of it, can use words to the point that those around him will not understand and may label him as crazy. Hamlet shows another example of his cleverness, this time towards Claudius, when he says, I see a cherub that sees them. But, come; for England! Farewell, dear mother. (IV, iii, 49-50) The cherub, or the angel, gives Hamlet a sense of superiority over Claudius. Having an angel at one's side would be a definite sign of power, which is exactly what Hamlet tries to maintain over Claudius in their constant power struggle. Just when Claudius thinks he controls Hamlet, it is really Hamlet who has the upper hand over Claudius. There are very strong philosophical references made by Hamlet in this act regarding life and death. Hamlet tells Claudius, Your worm is your only emperor for diet: we fat all creatures else to fat us, and we fat ourselves for maggots: your fat king and your lean beggar is but variable service, two dishes, but to one table: that's the end. (IV, iii, 21-26) This statement id a reference to the food chain, and in turn, a reflection on the meaning of life. It illustrates the equality of men in that whether one is born to be a king or a beggar, when one dies, we are all equal. Worms and maggots do not treat anybody differently once one is dead and buried. The final scene draws the greatest sympathy towards Hamlet even though he is not even in the scene. The forces of Claudius and Laertes have combined against Hamlet. Claudius states, To an exploit now ripe in my device, Under the which he shall not choose but fall, And for his death no wind of blame shall breathe; But even his mother shall unchange the practice, And call it accident. (IV, vii, 65-69) Claudius is willing to undertake any measures necessary to eliminate Hamlet, to the point that it does not matter whether or not it hurts Gertrude in any way. This scene depicts Hamlet as the victim, much like two bullies picking on a smaller child in school, since the king, with the aid of Laertes, is out to kill Hamlet, this time with a passion. Much like a political revolutionary, Hamlet has the system against him and is facing death because of his loyalty and honour towards his father. The fact that Hamlet's life is not indeed in jeopardy attributes to his hero status. In addition, his only fault is the desire to avenge his father's murder, an act considered

The eNotes Blog Reading Round-Up February

Reading Round-Up February We asked everyone in the office to talk about their favorite books from the last month. Take a look at our favorite reads from February, and let us know in the comments which books you’ll be adding to your to-read list. From nonfiction to comedy to graphic novel, there’s something for everyone here! A Higher Loyalty: Truth, Lies, and Leadership by James Comey Page count: 290 Genre: Nonfiction; Politics Publish date: 2018 I was surprised at how much I enjoyed A Higher Loyalty. In it, James Comey talks about how he worked his way up the ladder in the Department of Justice, becoming FBI Director after Robert Mueller and ultimately getting fired by President Donald J. Trump. As of this blog post, that firing is part of an active obstruction-of-justice investigation. In a time in which ethical leadership seems to be going extinct, this is a must-read. Whether Comey was standing up to Dick Cheney, Donald Trump, mafia bosses, or even Martha Stewart fans against her 2002 arrest, he was always guided by his moral compass. He emphasizes his respect for the rule of law, truth, and justice, and he discusses how he injected those values into every aspect of his career and personal life. If youre a manager, team captain, or just someone in search of another person who believes in honest-to-goodness justice, humanity, and leadership, give this a read- I think youll be surprised. - Samantha, Head of Marketing Chasing the Scream: the First and Last Days of the War on Drugs by Johann Hari Page count: 400 Genre: Nonfiction; History Publish date: 2015 Chasing the Scream takes a journalistic look into the history of the â€Å"war on drugs,† beginning long before Richard Nixon coined the phrase or the Reagans told us to â€Å"just say no.† Exploring American drug policy and its selective (read: racially-biased) enforcement, Hari traces this story back to Henry Anslinger, the first director of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics ; Arnold Rothstein, New York mobster and kingpin; and the tragic biography of Billie Holiday, her upbringing, and her lifelong struggle with addiction. Hari traces those origins to ongoing issues in drug policy, enforcement, and punishment in the United States, comparing it to international addiction rehabilitation support services. To those who consider non-fiction too dense or dry: this is a perfect blend of journalism, history, and politics with dramatic narrative style. I recommend Chasing the Scream to anyone who wants a glimpse into a historically and currently contentious topic as well as an all-around captivating read. - Sophie, Editorial Intern Freedom by Jonathan Franzen Page count: 562 Genre: Fiction Publish date: 2010 This February, I read Freedom by Jonathan Franzen. The novel follows several members of the Berglund family: Walter, Patty, and their two children, Joey and Jessica. It also follows some of the family members’ friends and significant others, such as Richard (Walters best friend from college) and Connie (Joeys on-again, off-again girlfriend). Franzens writing style in this novel is gorgeous, and the structure of the book jumps from character to character, allowing the reader to develop a deep sense of who each family member is. Franzen explores the dysfunction of the family and their various fallings-out with one another. His exploration of each character is unflinchingly honest about their flaws and sincerely empathetic to them- a rare combination. I loved this story because it was never overwhelmingly optimistic or pessimistic; rather, it was an authentic portrayal of familial life, in which the characters both loved and hurt each other. - Anna, Editorial Intern Pilgrim at Tinker Creek by Annie Dillard Page count: 288 Genre: Nonfiction Publish date: 1974 This February, I read Annie Dillard’s Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, a Pulitzer-prize winning work of creative nonfiction that is required reading for any nature enthusiast. Dillard’s narrative is told in first person and follows her explorations and observations during a year at Tinker Creek, outside of Roanoke, Virginia. It’s similar to Thoreau’s Walden in structure and purpose, although Dillard’s work is more thought-provoking and genuine. At times challenging, at times enrapturing, Tinker Creek provides fascinating details on the flora and fauna of the area and explores what it means to be self-aware in a chaotic, wonderful world. - Wes, Managing Editor The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger Page count: 277 Genre: Fiction Publish date: 1951 This month, I read J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. I’d heard the title tossed around enough that I knew it was a book I should probably read sometime in my life. I didn’t enjoy the writing, and it was not a pleasant read, which I attribute to Holden’s repetitive style of narrating and his general untrustworthiness. That being said, I loved the puzzle. It’s thanks to our book club that I felt I had the ability to read between the lines and discern exactly what was going on with Holden Caulfield. On the surface, the story seemed to follow a troublesome kid who was too hypocritical to ever be able to create meaningful relationships. But beneath that, The Catcher in the Rye is a heartbreaking tale about an undiagnosed, depressed teen who didn’t have the resources to heal from his own trauma. - Kate, Marketing Coordinator American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang Page count: 240 Genre: Graphic Novel; YA Publish date: 2006 This month, I read American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang. As a daughter of immigrants, I connected to American Born Chinese on a personal level. It starts with three separate tales and tackles the different kinds of racism, insecurity, and shame people of color (specifically Asians) deal with in the United States. These three stories show that no matter how subtle racism is, it can affect and stick with the person. Yang reveals these lessons through wonderfully colored and illustrated comic strips, inviting anyone and everyone to read it. - June, Designer The Ocean, the Bird, and the Scholar by Helen Vendler Page count: 464 Genre: Poetry; Essays Publish date: 2015 Recently, Ive been reading Helen Vendlers The Ocean, the Bird, and the Scholar, a collection of critical essays about poetry. In each essay, Vendler adeptly guides us into the depths of a single poem or reveals the rich, surprising connections among several poems. Though she attends to authors biographies and historical contexts, she is chiefly interested in poetic form. Matters of syntax, rhythm, address, and allusion fascinate Vendler, and she succeeds in conveying her fascinations and insights through elegant prose. I recommend this collection to anyone who wants to roll up their sleeves and read some poetry alongside a master critic. - Zack, Editor Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Page count: 144 Genre: Plays Publish date: 1949 Working in theater really cuts down on time for anything that isn’t working in theater. It also leads to deep, intimate familiarity with a single text. Over the last month, I’ve read Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman at least twenty times, for detail and for prop tracking and for cue placement and for theme. There’s something reassuring in Willy Loman’s scattered bluster and self-deception; in Biff’s forced self-discovery, necessitated by a young adulthood spent as a combination of Brock Turner and Brett Kavanaugh; in Hap’s tragically empty womanizing. Sure, the destructive powers of toxic masculinity might have made it only recently to the forefront of the cultural conversation, but they’ve been known and recorded for a long time. Hopefully, it means we’re closer than we think to some change. - Caitlin, Associate Editor Changing My Mind by Zadie Smith Page count: 320 Genre: Nonfiction; Essays Publish date: 2009 This February, I read Zadie Smith’s Changing My Mind, a book of essays full of wit, humor, and insight. From writing about her travels in Liberia to the Oscars, from Kafka to Zora Neale Hurston, from her father’s terminal illness to their shared love of British comedy, her essays range in personal, cultural, cinematic, and theoretical focuses. One of my favorite essays, â€Å"Speaking In Tongues,† adapted from one of her lectures, delves into race and dialect and investigates how much we reveal about ourselves- from just the very words that leave our mouths. The first seven essays are crucial for aspiring writers. In fact, the entire book is crucial for any avid reader looking to read great prose from a sharp and thoughtful novelist. - Marianne, Editorial Intern There Should Be Flowers by Joshua Jennifer Espinoza Page count: 100 Genre: Poetry; LGBTQ+ Publish date: 2016 This New Year’s, I resolved to incorporate poetry back into my reading life, and I’m so glad I did- otherwise I might have missed Joshua Jennifer Espinoza’s gut-wrenchingly beautiful collection There Should Be Flowers. These poems seared into my skin like the Inland Empire heat that pervades the book’s atmosphere and made me think of a line by Emily Dickinson: â€Å"If I feel physically as if the top of my head were taken off, I know that is poetry.† There Should Be Flowers took the top of my head off, blessedly let some of the pressure out, and let in a sense of gratitude for sheer survival. I can’t wait for the re-release of her relatably titled debut collection, i’m alive / it hurts / i love it. - Jules, Editor You Know You Want This by Kristen Roupenian Page count: 240 Genre: Fiction; Short Story Collection Publish date: 2019 After reading Kristen Roupenian’s viral sensation, â€Å"Cat Person,† I had high expectations for her debut short-story collection. There are only a few stories from this collection that I’d recommend reading: â€Å"The Good Guy† and â€Å"Matchbox Sign.† I think Roupenian’s voice is refreshingly bold and has the ability to convey relatable, often disturbing, truths of a shared female experience. However, I felt that the voice that I was captivated by in â€Å"Cat Person† did not shine through the majority of works in this collection. Im trying to acknowledge that producing a debut collection surrounded by so much hype may be destined to disappoint, but the beauty of these short stories is that theyre quick to read and dont necessarily have to be read as part of the collection. I think that You Know You Want This has some gems, but youll have sift through several pages to find them. Alternatively, you could wait and see what HBO does w ith this collection, since they’re currently adapting the short story collection into a new series.    - Savannah, Social Media Manager

Cost Report for the Average Physical Education teachers Salary Essay

Cost Report for the Average Physical Education teachers Salary - Essay Example Teacher salary follows a strict clustering system, which ensures that every teacher receives a pay commensurate to his or her duties. The cost of an average teacher in the state of Georgia is $ 74,985.07; this is the sum of a basic teacher salary and a number of other benefits, which make the career more attractive. The American government has a set minimum wage for every employee in the country, a feature that protects every citizen from exploitation by employers. The minimum wage in the state of Georgia is $ 20,000 implying that teacher salary is above the minimum wage and therefore conscious of the economic factors in the country. Among the common benefits that teachers enjoy are health insurance, medical insurance, social security, and workman’s compensation insurance. These benefits also vary depending on the nature of a teacher’s responsibilities in the school. The United States of America is a developed country and the government strives to provide the basic life support features in every region thereby dispelling the need for hardship allowances. The table below breaks down the teacher salaries in the state of Georgia: Average teacher cost Pay schedule $ 52,852.32 Local supplement $ 4,447.68 Health insurance $ 10,619.98 FICA $ 830.85 TRS $ 5,890.44 Total teacher salary $ 74,985.07 The additional costs such as the health insurance and the social security contribution all apply in form of uniform percentages of the scheduled pay. This implies that a teacher with a higher basic salary receives larger additional benefits thus validating the salary disparities among the teachers. The salary tabulation above refers to that of an average teacher in the state of Georgia and is therefore applicable to the physical education teacher at Alcovy High School, which is in the Newton county school management system. This therefore exempts Alcovy High School from paying its teachers the social security’s benefits. This way, after paying the teacher their basic remuneration of $52,852.23, the school will further pay the teachers an additional $17,685.07 in benefits thus resulting in a total of $74,985.07, which therefore becomes the cost of an average physical education’s teacher at the facility. There are different sources for this money, teachers are civil servants and therefore paid by the government. However, the school and its other related school systems and state departments also have a prerogative for paying teachers owing to their roles in the subsequent positions. Teachers have their entitlement depending on the nature of their assignments at the facility. The school for example must consider its teacher student ration to ensure that it does not overwork its teachers. The state for example pays every teacher $47,957.59 out of the total $74,985.07, which is the actual cost of every teacher. This implies that the rest of the funding comes for the subsequent systems and departments. In this context, the state send s this money to the Newton county school system. The system and the department thus pay every teacher the additional $27,093.01 to make the figure complete. However, teachers just as the rest of civil servants remit their taxes to the government. This therefore reduces the cost of hiring a teacher, since it is the same government paying the teachers and accepting their tax remittance.

Informal Analytical Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Informal Analytical Report - Essay Example The people way of life will be affected as they may be forced to change in productive ways that use less land. The idea is to make them look out for jobs to cater for their daily needs since farmlands can be reduced. The people living on the proposed site may be forced to vacate the land to newer areas which may be less productive, and this will force the people adopt different ways of survival. Moving vehicles may knock down people as they perform their errands since most of them use footpaths, which may be destroyed forcing them, use the roads. The water catchments may be destroyed, and rivers may be diverted towards far areas forcing them look for water from afar. The main construction will cause noise pollution and air pollution from fumes emitted by the vehicles undertaking the construction. To solve the possible emerging issues and retaliation; the community will be sensitized to effects and possible solutions the company is willing to put in place. The manufacturing company will come up with solutions to each problem they will cause as they create the diversion. Footpaths will be constructed alongside the main roads to prevent people being knocked down by vehicles. However, in case of accidents when people are crossing the roads, the company caters for the expenses incurred for the medical services of the individuals working in the institution and is involved in an accident. Bumps must be placed on strategic crossing sites, and the community must be taught on road safety. On matters of diversion of rivers, the company must provide piped water to each doorstep to reduce movement of people and animals to and from the rivers. This will reduce a number of accidents thus reducing compensation to be made by the company. Though the community will feel the road is an unnecessary evil, they must be shown the positive impacts the roads can inflict to their

The Evaluation Paper Essay Example for Free

The Evaluation Paper Essay The aim of the evaluation essay is to give your opinion on the article, book or other material you have read and criticize it if you completely disagree with the mentioned above or only to some extent. The main functions of your essay are: To analyze the material you were given as a source; To criticize the argument it presents; To state your opinion or to contribute to the existing one and give necessary arguments and show that they are trustworthy. Evaluation essay is an assignment that requires research, analysis and a lot of patience. If you are going to present an opinion that will be completely different from that stated in the material, you will need an adequate convincing proof. In the intro you explain the evaluation matter given in the source. Thus the intended reader will get the idea what you are going to evaluate. Formulating your thesis statement, present various approaches to the problem. The main body should provide analysis of the source and additional information to prepare the background for your judgement. Make sure that your statements are complete and convincing. Every point of disagreement should be supported by a coherent chain of evidence. It may be a good idea to establish a plan on how are you going to develop your ideas concerning the problem. Make a chain of facts you are going to include in your essay and develop each of them in a separate paragraph. Conclusion should summarize and develop a good solution for the problem under discussion. It is the most significant part of your essay and be ready that it will be treated very sceptically. Make sure you have written powerful and strong conclusion to leave any shadow of doubts. Make sure to proofread your essay for a couple of times. Along with searching for spelling, grammar and other types of mistakes, think over the plot itself: Isnt it contradictory? Is the topic fully covered? Do the facts I give look trustworthy? Do I sound convincing? Is my language bright enough? Does the essay I wrote correspond to the format I was given? If I were an intended writer, would I be convinced with this essay? After doing all the mentioned above, you can be sure that your essay is successfully written.

Social Networks Essay -- Social Issues, Technology

Over the past decade the internet has become a important part of everyday life by people of all ages. The internet is used for a variety of purposes, such as finding information, buying and selling products, watching television shows, finding friendships and searching for entertainment, but the main use for the internet is communication. Three quarters of American adults have been online, with even more teens (93%). Almost all of those internet users say their main purpose for going online is for communication (Correa, Hinsley, Zuniga 2010, cited in Jones and Fox 2009, Pg 247). With the introduction of social networking sites such as Facebook, My Space, Twitter and various smaller community based social networking sites it has made the ability of communicating so easy and accessible that people are able 'to sit in one place and know about what is going on somewhere else in the world related to your friend / group / community network' (Nair 2009, Pg 52). This essay will focus on ho w social networking sites play an integral part of everyday communication in society today and will focus on both the positive and negative effects that social networking sites are also presenting in society today. This essay will finally inform how it is not just the younger generation who use social networking sites to build relationships but how the older generation are taking advantage of social networking sites to form and maintain relationships with one another. During the past decade there has been an influx of social networking sites, which have become an essential element of everyday society. Social networking sites enable the ability to share and create information, form personal as well as business relationships, find romantic relationsh... ...r groups? A comparison between UK, Spain and Japan', Journal of Youth Studies, Vol 14, No 1, pp 91-108, Taylor & Francis Online, EBSCOhost, viewed 15th December 2011. Nair, N 2009, '"Social Networking" on the Generation Next', SCMS Journal of Indian Management, Vol 6, No 3, pp 43-52, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 15th December 2011. Pfeil, U, Zaphiris, P & Wilson S 2009, Older adults' perceptions and experiences of online social support', Interacting with Computers, Vol 21, No 3, pp 159-172, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 3rd January 2012. Zhong, B, Hardin, M & Sun, T 2011, 'Less effortful thinking leads to more social networking? The associations between the use of social network sites and personality traits', Computers in Human Behavioiur, Vol 27, No 3, pp 1265-1271, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 31st January 2011.

Policy and Structure of education in different countries

Education is indispensable to last in today ‘s universe. To go on in instruction is non merely good for endurance, but plays a critical function in success and the hunt of ends. Education progresses because engineering and society advancement. Society is altering at a really fast gait therefore doing uninterrupted instruction a necessity in today ‘s trade market. The usage of uninterrupted instruction and the hunt thereof, is important to single success. As important and of import as instruction is, simply obtaining it is non plenty. It should be continuously pursued and used appropriately. Harmonizing to Steyn & A ; Wolhuter ( 2008:2 ) educationalists realize that instruction has restrictions to consequence alterations in society, but instruction is an of import tool which society can utilize to recognize the alterations they want. It is an of import instrument that can non be used by itself, but to help world to fix themselves for the challenges of the 21st century. â€Å" In order for instruction to be an effectual instrument in helping worlds for alteration, the construction and operation of the instruction system, as the vehicle of effectual instruction, should run into certain demands. † ( Steyn & A ; Wolhuter, 2008:2. )Education policyPurposes The purposes of the instruction system point toward the awaited criterions to be reached over a longer term of office or term from approximately five to ten old ages. These purposes signifies the mileposts such as part to society, fulfilling of personal endowments, fulfilling of civic duties, transporting tradition frontward, supplying the engine for economic growing, supplying the work force with the necessary basic ‘academic ‘ accomplishments and supplying persons with chances, enlightenment and cognition to be reached in order to fulfill the vision and mission of that peculiar instruction system. The Aims These are the mileposts to be reached over a shorter period of clip from one to five old ages. These aims have the inclinations to make the purposes of the instruction system, thereby gaining the vision and mission of a peculiar system. Goals The ends of an instruction system find the boundaries wherein the system should work. The end describes the ideal personalities of the underlying beliefs, the educational services, the scholars and the pedagogues as the most of import constituting parts of the instruction system. The end is normally given in more general spiritual, societal, economical and political footings.The construction in generalThe instruction system is a good logically structured and multifaceted entireness dwelling of different parts which can be named the mechanism or subdivisions of the instruction system. These subdivisions are referred to as the instruction system policy, the instruction system disposal, the model for instruction and the support services. Different constituents of the instruction system can be located i.e. the instructions systems Acts of the Apostless, the ministry of instruction, the sections of instruction, school councils and different types of instructions establishments ( Steyn & A ; Wolhuter, 2008:4. ) These systems must be ordered harmonizing to a specific program in order to be an effectual and functional organic structure. The construction for instruction and preparation degrees and plans The degrees on which instruction is being provided in the peculiar instruction system are indicated by the instruction degrees. Conventional degrees in the system are the pre-primary, primary, secondary and third degrees. The school old ages with respect to the degrees may differ from instruction system to instruction system. It is high that the entry points and issue points, mandatory instruction and relevant entry demands with respects to these degrees are explained. The educational plans are reported harmonizing to the topics that are included in each plan on each degree. As a consequence of this, the component presents the organisation of educational plans on the different degrees, through which the educational demands of the mark group are provided for. Education establishments â€Å" This component describes the organisation of instruction establishments on different degrees. † ( Steyn & A ; Wolhuter, 2008:7 ) . The purposes of the instructions establishments every bit good as the correlativity between the different instruction establishments every bit good as the different types of instruction establishments are explained. Curricula and distinction Curriculum and distinction is a unfastened term mentioning to the demand to modify learning environments and patterns to bring forth appropriately different larning experiences for different scholars. Keirouz ( 1993 ) suggests typical processs in the instance of gifted and gifted pupils include: canceling already mastered stuff from bing course of study, adding new content, procedure, or merchandise outlooks to bing course of study, widening bing course of study to supply enrichment activities, supplying class work for able pupils at an earlier age than usual, and composing new units or classs that meet the demands of talented pupils. Learners The human ecology of the scholars is reported on the figure, age, gender, rural or urban colony and makings obtained by the scholars. Admission demands and codifications of behavior, drop-out figures and learner-classroom ratio is besides taking in history. Educators Information sing the human ecology of instructors includes the figure, age, gender and rural or urban distribution. The pre-service and in-service preparation chances of instructors are provided every bit good as other relevant information i.e. codifications of behavior and the instructor scholar ratio. 3.6 Physical installations This is the physical country where instruction is administered. The schoolrooms, talk suites, and research labs should be mentioned. The handiness of necessary installations, the allotment, use and the costs of installations will be indicated.Describe the two constituents in South Africa, Namibia and USAPolicySOUTH AFRICA4.1.1 The purposes and ends of the South- African educational system: In the White Paper on instruction and preparation ( March, 1995 ) the following were accepted as guidelines. It besides includes the National Educational Policy Act: Education and preparation are basic human rights and the province has the duty to protect these rights. All the citizens of South Africa should hold the chance to develop their potencies and contribute to the development of the community. Parents and defenders of kids have the primary duty for the instruction of their kids. The parents have the right to take the signifier of instruction for their kids, capable to the sensible precautions required by jurisprudence. The parents rights include chose of linguistic communication every bit good as the cultural spiritual footing of instruction. The province has the duty to supply aid to those parents who can non themselves decide decently on their educational hereafter of their kids. The educational policy should enable all persons to value, have success to and win in womb-to-tomb instruction and preparation of good quality. The equal entree to basic instruction and preparation which includes more than school instruction should be guaranteed to all. An increasing scope of larning possibilities offering the scholars greater flexibleness in taking should be provided. All the historical inequalities should be redressed. State resources must be deployed harmonizing to the principal of equity to supply the same quality of larning chances for all. The rights of scholars and pedagogues should be equitably protected including the policy of affirmatory action. The proviso of quality instruction and preparation is indispensable and should be provided in an incorporate manner harmonizing to the National Qualification Framework. ( NQF ) . Communities must accept ownership for their schools and legitimate, representative regulating organic structures should be instituted. The rule of democratic administration should progressively be promoted and should be characterized by audience with all relevant involvement groups. The civilization of instruction, larning and direction should be restored and the civilization of answerability should be created. The end of instruction and preparation should be to set up a democratic, free, equal, merely and peaceable society in South Africa. The diverse spiritual, cultural and linguistic communication traditions should be respected and encouraged. Education in the humanistic disciplines should be promoted. Education should advance the common democratic values and the importance of the due procedure of the jurisprudence and civic duty. Education should advance independent and critical idea. Differentiated instruction should fit the scholars with the competences required by the economic system and calling development. Mathematicss, Science and Technology instruction are critical to human apprehension and economic promotion. Environmental instruction should be promoted to help the enjoyment of nice quality of life and sustainable usage of natural resources. The rules of achievability, sustainability, efficiency and productiveness of the RDP should organize the footing of all activities of instruction. 4.1.2 The aims of the National Education Policy Act: The aims of the National Education Policy Act, 1996 ( Act 27 of 1996 ) are to supply for: The finding of national instruction policy by the curate in conformity with certain rules. Guidelines for audiences to be undertaken anterior to the finding of policy and constitution of such organic structures. The publication and execution of policy ; and To supply for the monitoring and rating of instruction.Namibia4.1.1 The purposes and ends of the Namibia educational system: Harmonizing to the Government Policy papers, Toward Education for All – A development Brief for Education, Culture and Training ( 1993 ) , a clear vision was translated. At the helm of, Toward Education for All ( 1993 ) are four major ends: entree, equity, qualities and democracy. For Access it was stated that the Government ‘s first committedness is to supply cosmopolitan Basic Education. Ultimately, every Namibian is to hold twelve old ages of general comprehensive instruction. Basic instruction is intended to guarantee that by the twelvemonth 2000, the bulk of the citizens will hold acquired basic accomplishments of reading, composing, numeracy and understanding socio-cultural procedures and natural phenomena. This is the lone manner we can process with some hope into the following millenary ( Education for All, 1993:33 ) . On the issue of quality instruction, ( Toward Education for All ) puts it that its major committedness is to do our schools good schools and to offer high quality of formal options to formal school ( p.37 ) . It goes on to state that we are all scholars. Learning is a womb-to-tomb activity. Bettering the quality of our schools is a duty we portion. We all have a critical interest in the success of our attempts ( p.40 ) . Namibia devotes a big part of its fiscal resources to instruction in every fiscal twelvemonth. The basic instruction sector, primary and secondary degrees, receives more money while the third sector comes 2nd in the precedence of instruction outgo. The freshly elected authorities of Namibia inherited an instruction system of apartheid from South Africa in 1990 which was characterized by inequalities in footings of the distribution of resources, where entree to acquisition was a precedence for a few Whites, and where quality of instruction offered was non considered. In mending the instruction characterized by some of the above characteristics every bit good as seting it at the criterion of international degree, the new authorities declared righty in Article 20 of the state ‘s fundamental law that all people should hold entree to instruction and basic instruction shall be free and compulsory. Article 20 provinces: All individuals shall hold the right to instruction. Primary instruction shall be mandatory and the province shall supply sensible installations to render effectual this right for every occupant within Namibia, by set uping and keeping State schools at which primary instruction will be provided free of charge. Children shall non be allowed to go forth school until they have completed their primary instruction or have attained the age of 16 old ages, whichever is the Oklahoman, save in so far as this may be authorized by act of Parliament on evidences of wellness or other considerations refering to public involvement. 4.1.2 The aims of the National Education Policy Act: The aims of the National Education Policy Act of 2001 as promulgated in December 2001, primary aims are: To supply for the proviso of accessible, just, qualitative and democratic national instruction service. To supply for the constitution of the National Advisory Council on Education, the National Examination, Assessment and Certification Board, Regional Education Forums, School Boards, the Education Development Fund. The constitution of schools and inns. The constitution of the Teaching Service and the Teaching Service Committee. Provision for incidental affairs.USA4.1.1 The purposes and ends of the USA educational system: The USA is proud to supply equal educational chances for all its scholars and boasts about go forthing no kids behind. There is no federal system of instruction, and each province and local school territory within the US has the constitutional right to set up its ain signifier of instruction. There are nevertheless, togss of communality running throughout most of the instruction systems in the state, including course of study, answerability criterions, and teacher enfranchisement ordinances, in add-on to the sharing of many challenges linked to poverty, linguistic communication diverseness, gender, and race or ethnicity factors. ( Steyn & A ; Wolhuter, 2008:300 ) The US system of instruction provides free public instruction, from kindergarten through to rate 12, for all pupils. The US does non hold a centralised system of instruction, with most determinations left to single provinces and local authorities, provided their policies do non belie the US Constitution. Each province retained control over instruction within its boundary lines, provided its educational policies did non violate commissariats in the Constitution, which by and large focused on issues of civil rights. In some cases the Federal Government has become straight involved in province and local instruction sing the separation of faith from authorities maps and the protection of civil rights related to race, gender, disablement and due procedure ( Steyn & A ; Wolhuter, 2008:310 ) . However, the national purposes of instruction in the US refer. Differences in the look of values besides consequence what states decide are the national purposes of instruction and on how those are articulated. The most normally articulated purposes across the 16 states include: Developing the capacities of the person Promoting equal chance Fixing immature people for work Establishing a foundation for farther and higher instruction Supplying cognition, accomplishments and understanding Promoting citizenship ( sometimes in the signifier of advancing democracy or community ) , and Sing cultural heritage ( or literacy ) . Harmonizing to ( Steyn & A ; Wolhuter, 2008:326 ) the NCLB programme is designated to accomplish exalted ends outlined in the programme ‘s four ‘common-sense pillars ‘ , which include: – Stronger answerability for consequences through state-wide answerability systems based on one-year proving for all pupils ; – more freedom for provinces and communities through more flexible usage of their federal instruction financess ; – required usage of proved instruction methods supported by scientifically-based research ; and – more picks for parents by leting pupils assigned to neglecting schools to go to better public schools, with transit disbursals paid by the failing school ( US Department of Education, 2004b ) . 4.1.2 The aims of National Act: The aims of the Public Law 107 – 110, 107th Congress, No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and Table of Contents of Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 lineation: To Bettering the academic accomplishment of the disadvantaged. Teacher and chief preparation and recruiting fund. Implementing board policies that define public simple and secondary school operations, including such authorizations as graduation demands and class content ; Monitoring and roll uping informations to find conformity with province mandated maps and answerability plans ; Recommending for public instruction while supplying information to province legislative assemblies and citizens sing instruction ; Supplying proficient aid to the schools, such as aid construing English for Speakers of Other linguistic communications demands ; and Distributing province financess to local school territories.StructureSOUTH AFRICA 4.2.1 Structure for instruction and preparation degrees and plans: The National Qualifications Framework is a new attack to the organisation of instruction and preparation in South Africa after 1994. The NQF is an instrument to implement an outcomes-based incorporate attack to instruction and preparation. This become a world and provides chances to larn, irrespective of age, fortunes and the degree of instruction and developing a scholar may hold. This is called lifelong acquisition. The General Education and Training ( GET ) forms the first set and degree 1 of the NQF. This set consists of Grades 1-9 of the formal schooling and forms the nine old ages of compulsory schooling. The Foundation Phase, Grades 1-3 includes the early childhood development stage and forms the first portion of the GET set of the NQF. The overall end of the course of study is to supply kids with the chances to develop to their full potency as active responsible and fulfilled citizens who can play a constructive function in a democratic, non-racist and just society. In the intermediate stage, grades 4-6, while still extremely contextualized and mostly incorporate. Rate 7-9, the Senior Phase is the last stage in the GET set. In this stage the scholar should be progressively able to ground independently of concrete stuffs and experience. Combined schools offering all stages as mentioned above under one roof. 4.2.2 The course of study and distinction: A new policy for the constitution of new course of study for schools was announced by the curate of instruction on 24 March 1997. The new course of study is known as course of study 2005. The new attack known as OBE is linked to the NQF. The new course of study was introduced in class 1 in 1998 and in grade 2 in 1999. The debut of the course of study 2005 in the senior classs was in July 1998 postponed by the curate of instruction due a deficit of resources and financess. In the new course of study, specific larning countries are identified for the different degrees of the NQF. In add-on to the larning countries, there are besides three types of results, viz. critical results, larning results and specific results. The Foundation Phase makes proviso for 3 learning plans: 1. Communication, literacy and linguistic communication larning 2. Numeracy and Mathematicss 3. Life Orientation. The Intermediate Phase makes proviso for 5 acquisition plans and the Senior Phase provides the following 8 LA ‘s: 1.Communication, literacy and linguistic communication acquisition. 2.Human and Social Sciences. 3.Numeracy and Mathematicss 4.Technology. 5.Economic and Management Science. 6.Life Orientation 7.Arts and Culture 8.Natural Sciences Namibia 4.2.1 Structure for instruction and preparation degrees and plans: The formal system in Namibian schools consists of 12 old ages of schooling broken down as follows: Four old ages of lower primary utilizing mother lingua as the medium of direction ; Three old ages of upper primary ( English as medium of direction starts in Grade 4 and goes up to rate 12 ) ; 3 old ages of junior secondary ; and, 2 old ages of senior secondary. However, the formal school system may besides be divided into the undermentioned phases some of which have combined stages: Pre-primary stage, caters for the under 6 old ages age group. Primary Phase, Lower primary, grades 1 to 4 and upper primary classs 5 to 7. Secondary Phase, Junior secondary, grades 8 – 10 and senior secondary, grades 11 – 12. Combined Schools offering both primary, junior secondary or senior secondary classs under one roof. 4.2.2 The course of study and distinction: A new prescribed course of study was introduced in 1996. I 1998, new course of study panels and topic, some of which have already been completed ( Ministry of Education, Namibia, 2006 ) . The chief countries in primary schools are linguistic communication accomplishments such as speech production, reading and composing and composing in English and in Namibian linguistic communications ; societal accomplishments such as societal surveies, spiritual and moral instruction ; humanistic disciplines and trade like pulling, music and dance ; physical instruction such as hygiene, horticulture and handicraft, and mathematics and environmental scientific discipline ( Craelius et al. , 1995:690 ) . In the junior secondary schools the chief countries covered are linguistic communication, spiritual and moral instruction, scientific discipline and mathematics, art and athleticss and prevocational accomplishments from which two of the following are chosen: domestic scientific discipline, woodwork, metalwork, commercialism, needlecraft or dressmaking and agricultural production. The senior secondary schools offer linguistic communication surveies, humanistic disciplines and societal scientific disciplines, mathematics, physical instruction and originative, proficient and vocational surveies as nucleus topics. Options are broad, but are dependent on the field of survey chosen and the handiness of physical, instructional and human resources in the school ( Steyn & A ; Wolhuter, 2008:151-152 ) . USA 4.2.1 Structure for Education and preparation degrees and plans: The construction for learning in the US includes 12 old ages for regular schooling, followed by a four phase system of higher instruction. This system is normally preceded by one or two old ages of pre-school instruction ( US Department of Education, 2005 ) . Pre-School: Most provinces require some sort of pre-school and / or kindergarten programme before leting pupils to inscribe in the first twelvemonth of an simple or primary school. Pre-school plans normally occur from one or two old ages before entry. They have to be between the ages of three to five. Twelve Old ages of Formal Schooling: Formal primary instruction, frequently refer to as simple instruction, lasts for the first five to six old ages. The staying old ages of this 12 twelvemonth rhythm consist of 3 to 4 old ages of in-between school or junior high school, followed by three to four old ages of senior high school. Depending on local and or province guidelines, a pupil would go to: 8 old ages of simple and 4 old ages of high school ; 4 old ages of simple, 4 old ages of center and 4 old ages of high school ; 6 old ages of simple, 3 old ages of junior high, and 3 old ages of senior high school ; or 6 old ages of simple and 6 old ages of combined junior or senior high school. Higher Education: After successfully finishing 12 old ages of formal schooling and having a high school sheepskin pupils may take to go to: a. A two twelvemonth vocational institute B. Two twelvemonth junior community college, or c. A four twelvemonth undergraduate college or university plan. 4.2.2 The course of study and distinction: The simple, in-between and or junior high schools enroll pupils from ages 6 to 12, and include direction in the cardinal accomplishments or reading, composing and arithmetic. Foreign linguistic communications are normally introduced at the in-between school degree. Depending on local and province ordinances, high schools normally require pupils to inscribe in English, Mathematics, General Science, Social Studies and Physical Education classs. The course of study may besides include two old ages of a foreign linguistic communication, applied concern classs, engineering and the humanistic disciplines. After finishing 12 old ages of formal instruction, pupils may use for either a 4 twelvemonth grade allowing establishment or a two twelvemonth junior or community college.Similarities of the instruction systems of South Africa, Namibia and USA:Equal chances for all without bias. Pre-school plan. Junior and Senior stages. Third instruction Particular and inclusive instruction Mother lingua instruction Combined schools 12 old ages of formal instruction Pre-school under 6 old ages of age Lifelong acquisition Fundamentalss accomplishments, reading and authorship and numeracy.Differences:SOUTH AFRICASpecific larning countries in GET Phase. Structure: GET Band: Classs 1 to 3 Foundation Phase Classs 4 to 6 Intermediate Phase Classs 7 to 9 Senior Phase FET – Grades 10 – 12.NamibiaFocus on Namibian linguistic communications accomplishments, societal accomplishments, spiritual and moral surveies. Structure: Lower Primary: classs 1 to 4, Upper Primary: classs 5 to 7 Secondary: classs 8 to 10. Senior Secondary: classs 11 – 12USA1.Focus on English, Mathematics, General Science, Social surveies and Physical instruction. Two old ages of foreign linguistic communications, applied concern classs, engineering and humanistic disciplines. 2.Structure: Options: 8 old ages simple school, 4 old ages high school 4 old ages simple, 4 old ages in-between high school and 4 old ages senior high school. old ages simple, 3 old ages junior high, 3 old ages senior high. 6 old ages simple, 6 old ages combined junior and senior high school.6.Reasons for possible similarities and differences in the 3 instruction systems:Throughout the universe, basicss of instruction are addressed. These include basic accomplishments such as reading, composing and numeracy. Equal chances given to our immature scholars address the issues of human rights within each of the three states mentioned. Education is a cosmopolitan instrument and hence the acquisition is and remains womb-to-tomb larning. Mother tongue instruction is an imperative tool for scholars that come from the same human ecology, part or province. It is hence really of import to learn the same linguistic communication where kids are being educated. Some of the differences could turn to the issue of population. In the first universe states, it is a given that the population are get downing to settle in whilst in the 3rd universe states like South Africa and Namibia, the population is of all time increasing. A high per centum of the population is below the active economic age. South Africa ‘s and Namibia ‘s urbanisation are in the beginning stage. All three states experience a high inflow of other states citizens. The educational demands of every state are addressed. Cipher is excluded. The constitutional right of every kid is adhered to. Peoples are inspired by womb-to-tomb scholars. Throughout the universe the demands of people differ. The ground for this is the population of each state and the demographics of that state. Specific demands of states differ that is why instruction will differ. The USA is a first universe state with extremely specialised people, Namibia and South Africa though do non hold the substructure to compare with the USA. 7. Decision The degree of trouble of the different states to cover with the expected challenges differs to a big extend. A large difference exists with respect to the degree that instruction systems of the different states are prepared to efficaciously cover with challenges of the twenty-first Century. It is of import that the authoritiess, involvement groups and persons in the societies of immerging states takes duty to place the cloth of the community sing the demographical, geographical, socio-economical, scientific and technological, political and philosophical inclinations. It must take topographic point in such a mode that the peculiar state can efficaciously cover with the expected challenges of the twenty-first Century. 8. Bliography 8.1 Quality Primary Education, Program Overview and Strategic Objectives. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usaid.gov/na/so2.htm. Date of entree: 10 February 2010. 8.2 David Kerr, 1999. Citizenship Education: an International Comparison. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.inca.org.uk/pdf/citizenship_no_intro.pdf. Date of entree: 09 February 2010. 8.3 Professional & A ; Associates Resumes.com hypertext transfer protocol: //www.professional-resumes.com/why-continuous-education-is-an-important-tool.html. Date of entree 09 February 2010. 8.4 Steyn, H.J. , Wolhuter C.C. 2000. Education Systems, Challenges of the twenty-first Century. Noordbrug. Keurkopie Uitgewers. 8.5 Steyn, H.J. , Steyn S.C. , & A ; De Waal E.A.S. , 2001. The South African Education System, Core features. Noordbrug. Keurkopie Uitgewers. 8.6 Basic Education Namibia. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nied.edu.na/Bep/en-home.htm. Date of entree: 12 February 2010. 8.7 PUBLIC LAW 107-110-JAN. 8, 2002 115 STAT. 1425 hypertext transfer protocol: //opi.mt.gov/PDF/FEDPrgms/USDOE/pl107110.pdf. Date of entree: 12 February 2010. 8.8 hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States. Date of entree: 09 February 2010.